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1991
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02
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nelson
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coder.c
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C/C++ Source or Header
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1990-06-03
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206 lines
/*
* Listing 2 -- coder.c
*
* This file contains the code needed to accomplish arithmetic
* coding of a symbol. All the routines in this module need
* to know in order to accomplish coding is what the probabilities
* and scales of the symbol counts are. This information is
* generally passed in a SYMBOL structure.
*
* This code was first published by Ian H. Witten, Radford M. Neal,
* and John G. Cleary in "Communications of the ACM" in June 1987,
* and has been modified slightly for this article. The code
* is published here with permission.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include "coder.h"
#include "bitio.h"
/*
* These four variables define the current state of the arithmetic
* coder/decoder. They are assumed to be 16 bits long. Note that
* by declaring them as short ints, they will actually be 16 bits
* on most 80X86 and 680X0 machines, as well as VAXen.
*/
static unsigned short int code; /* The present input code value */
static unsigned short int low; /* Start of the current code range */
static unsigned short int high; /* End of the current code range */
long underflow_bits; /* Number of underflow bits pending */
/*
* This routine must be called to initialize the encoding process.
* The high register is initialized to all 1s, and it is assumed that
* it has an infinite string of 1s to be shifted into the lower bit
* positions when needed.
*/
void initialize_arithmetic_encoder()
{
low = 0;
high = 0xffff;
underflow_bits = 0;
}
/*
* This routine is called to encode a symbol. The symbol is passed
* in the SYMBOL structure as a low count, a high count, and a range,
* instead of the more conventional probability ranges. The encoding
* process takes two steps. First, the values of high and low are
* updated to take into account the range restriction created by the
* new symbol. Then, as many bits as possible are shifted out to
* the output stream. Finally, high and low are stable again and
* the routine returns.
*/
void encode_symbol( FILE *stream, SYMBOL *s )
{
long range;
/*
* These three lines rescale high and low for the new symbol.
*/
range = (long) ( high-low ) + 1;
high = low + (unsigned short int )
(( range * s->high_count ) / s->scale - 1 );
low = low + (unsigned short int )
(( range * s->low_count ) / s->scale );
/*
* This loop turns out new bits until high and low are far enough
* apart to have stabilized.
*/
for ( ; ; )
{
/*
* If this test passes, it means that the MSDigits match, and can
* be sent to the output stream.
*/
if ( ( high & 0x8000 ) == ( low & 0x8000 ) )
{
output_bit( stream, high & 0x8000 );
while ( underflow_bits > 0 )
{
output_bit( stream, ~high & 0x8000 );
underflow_bits--;
}
}
/*
* If this test passes, the numbers are in danger of underflow, because
* the MSDigits don't match, and the 2nd digits are just one apart.
*/
else if ( ( low & 0x4000 ) && !( high & 0x4000 ))
{
underflow_bits += 1;
low &= 0x3fff;
high |= 0x4000;
}
else
return ;
low <<= 1;
high <<= 1;
high |= 1;
}
}
/*
* At the end of the encoding process, there are still significant
* bits left in the high and low registers. We output two bits,
* plus as many underflow bits as are necessary.
*/
void flush_arithmetic_encoder( FILE *stream )
{
output_bit( stream, low & 0x4000 );
underflow_bits++;
while ( underflow_bits-- > 0 )
output_bit( stream, ~low & 0x4000 );
}
/*
* When decoding, this routine is called to figure out which symbol
* is presently waiting to be decoded. This routine expects to get
* the current model scale in the s->scale parameter, and it returns
* a count that corresponds to the present floating point code:
*
* code = count / s->scale
*/
short int get_current_count( SYMBOL *s )
{
long range;
short int count;
range = (long) ( high - low ) + 1;
count = (short int)
((((long) ( code - low ) + 1 ) * s->scale-1 ) / range );
return( count );
}
/*
* This routine is called to initialize the state of the arithmetic
* decoder. This involves initializing the high and low registers
* to their conventional starting values, plus reading the first
* 16 bits from the input stream into the code value.
*/
void initialize_arithmetic_decoder( FILE *stream )
{
int i;
code = 0;
for ( i = 0 ; i < 16 ; i++ )
{
code <<= 1;
code += input_bit( stream );
}
low = 0;
high = 0xffff;
}
/*
* Just figuring out what the present symbol is doesn't remove
* it from the input bit stream. After the character has been
* decoded, this routine has to be called to remove it from the
* input stream.
*/
void remove_symbol_from_stream( FILE *stream, SYMBOL *s )
{
long range;
/*
* First, the range is expanded to account for the symbol removal.
*/
range = (long)( high - low ) + 1;
high = low + (unsigned short int)
(( range * s->high_count ) / s->scale - 1 );
low = low + (unsigned short int)
(( range * s->low_count ) / s->scale );
/*
* Next, any possible bits are shipped out.
*/
for ( ; ; )
{
/*
* If the MSDigits match, the bits will be shifted out.
*/
if ( ( high & 0x8000 ) == ( low & 0x8000 ) )
{
}
/*
* Else, if underflow is threatining, shift out the 2nd MSDigit.
*/
else if ((low & 0x4000) == 0x4000 && (high & 0x4000) == 0 )
{
code ^= 0x4000;
low &= 0x3fff;
high |= 0x4000;
}
/*
* Otherwise, nothing can be shifted out, so I return.
*/
else
return;
low <<= 1;
high <<= 1;
high |= 1;
code <<= 1;
code += input_bit( stream );
}
}